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Name: Kelli Hoover
Title: Professor of entomology, Pennsylvania State University
Location: University Park, Pa.
You recently identified a gene known as egt that allows a specific group of viruses to control the behavior of caterpillars. Tell me what it does.
Gypsy moth caterpillars have a normal behavior they do every day. They climb out onto the leaves to feed at night. During the day they climb back onto the branches or bark to hide from predators because they?re very obvious when they?re on the leaves. But once caterpillars are infected with these viruses, known as baculoviruses, their levels of the EGT protein become elevated. Once that happens, you find them on leaves in the middle of the day. It?s like: ?What are you doing here??
And how does that harm the caterpillars?
Eventually they climb to the tops of trees, where they get converted into a sac of virus that liquefies and rains virus particles down on the foliage below so that new hosts can be infected by eating the virus on the leaves. Egt is manipulating the insect to die in the right location to transmit the virus to new hosts.
What is the mechanism by which the gene does that?
In short, we don?t know, but we have a couple of ideas. It was already known that egt blocks molting in caterpillars. What happens when the insects molt is they stop feeding for quite some time; if they?re kept from molting, they?re kept in a feeding state. It?s possible that because they?re being stimulated to keep feeding, they?re staying up in the tree when everybody else is climbing down.
What are some other viruses that can change host behavior?
If you think about rabies, rabies causes the infected animals to come out during the day when they?re normally nocturnal, and their behavior becomes more aggressive. There?s also a really cool virus that is sexually transmitted in moths. It causes the female moth to keep calling for mates by sending out pheromones, even though she already just mated. That way she infects more and more males. Finally, in toxoplasmosis, cats are the primary host, but mice get infected. When mice are infected, they lose their fear of cats, and they?re more likely to get eaten, which allows the pathogen to be transmitted to cats.
What does this mean for humans?
It certainly does suggest that other pathogens may contain genes that influence behavior, even in humans. When you have the flu, you cough a lot, which can help transmit the virus to other people. Is that a symptom, or is it the virus making us do that? And has that been selected for through evolution? Who knows?
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State Police arrest Occupy Nashville protestors early Friday morning Oct. 28, 2011 at the site where a few dozen Wall Street protesters have been encamped for about three weeks. Authorities began moving in early Friday using a newly enacted state policy that set a curfew for the grounds near the state Capitol, including Legislative Plaza where the protesters had been staying in tents. (AP Photo/JOHN PARTIPILO\ - THE TENNESSEAN)
State Police arrest Occupy Nashville protestors early Friday morning Oct. 28, 2011 at the site where a few dozen Wall Street protesters have been encamped for about three weeks. Authorities began moving in early Friday using a newly enacted state policy that set a curfew for the grounds near the state Capitol, including Legislative Plaza where the protesters had been staying in tents. (AP Photo/JOHN PARTIPILO\ - THE TENNESSEAN)
Occupy Nashville protestors who were arrested overnight at Legislative Plaza in downtown Nashville, hold up their citations after they were released from jail Friday, Oct. 28, 2011 in Nashville. Twenty-nine Wall Street protesters in Nashville have been issued misdemeanor citations for criminal trespassing after being arrested by state troopers overnight. (AP Photo/The Tennessean, John Partipilo) JOHN PARTIPILO/THE TENNESSEAN
Safety Commissioner Bill Gibbons, left, and Col. Tracy Trott, commander of the Tennessee Highway Patrol, hold a press conferences about clearing Wall Street protesters from the Legislative Plaza across from the state Capitol in Nashville, Tenn., on Friday, Oct. 28, 2011. Gibbons says Republican Gov. Bill Haslam's office approved a pre-dawn roundup of Wall Street protesters from the state Capitol grounds. Twenty-nine protesters were arrested overnight and issued misdemeanor citations for trespassing. (AP Photo/Erik Schelzig)
State Police arrest Occupy Nashville protestors early Friday morning at the site where a few dozen Wall Street protesters have been encamped for about three weeks. Authorities began moving in early Friday using a newly enacted state policy that set a curfew for the grounds near the state Capitol, including Legislative Plaza where the protesters had been staying in tents. (AP Photo/JOHN PARTIPILO\ - THE TENNESSEAN)
State Police arrest Occupy Nashville protestors early Friday morning Oct. 28, 2011 at the site where a few dozen Wall Street protesters have been encamped for about three weeks. Authorities began moving in early Friday using a newly enacted state policy that set a curfew for the grounds near the state Capitol, including Legislative Plaza where the protesters had been staying in tents. (AP Photo/JOHN PARTIPILO\ - THE TENNESSEAN)
NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) ? Tennessee state troopers for the second straight night arrested Wall Street protesters for defying a new nighttime curfew imposed by Republican Gov. Bill Haslam in an effort to disband an encampment near the state Capitol.
And for a second time, a Nashville night judge dismissed the protesters' arrest warrants.
The Tennessean newspaper reported early Saturday morning (http://tnne.ws/vE2PXN) that Magistrate Tom Nelson told troopers delivering the protesters to jail that he could "find no authority anywhere for anyone to authorize a curfew anywhere on Legislative Plaza."
Occupy Nashville protesters ? including many of the 29 arrested in a pre-dawn raid on Friday ? returned to the Legislative Plaza that evening and remained through the 10 p.m. curfew.
"To see it from the other side is even more infuriating," said Chip Allen, one of the protesters arrested in the first raid. "When you're in it, it's almost surreal. This takes on a whole 'nother flavor."
The arrests came after a week of police crackdowns around the country on Occupy Wall Street activists, who have been protesting economic inequality and what they call corporate greed.
In Oakland, Calif., an Iraq War veteran was seriously injured during a protest clash with police Tuesday night. In Atlanta early Wednesday, helicopters hovered overhead as officers in riot gear arrested more than 50 protesters at a downtown park. In San Diego, police arrested 51 people who occupied the Civic Center Plaza and Children's Park for three weeks.
In Nashville, more than 200 people came to Friday evening's meeting to discuss the first round of arrests and future plans, though those numbers had dwindled as the night wore on and temperatures dropped.
There was no noticeable law enforcement presence for nearly two hours after the curfew went into effect, while adjacent theaters let out and patrons filtered back through the plaza to their cars without being challenged for violating the restrictions.
"Nothing was done to them, they were not arrested," said protester Michael Custer, 46. "But we are arrested while we are expressing our constitutional right to free speech."
Once the theater traffic cleared, dozens of state troopers descended on the plaza and began arresting protesters and a journalist for the Nashville Scene, an alternative weekly newspaper.
Troopers wouldn't give any details other than that a press release would be issued later Saturday. After the arrested protesters were handcuffed, photographed and put on a bus, one trooper told another at the scene that 26 people had been apprehended.
Protesters remaining at the scene vowed to return Saturday, even if it means more arrests.
The 29 demonstrators arrested early Friday were taken to the Nashville jail, only to have Nelson, the night judge, rule the state had not given them enough time to comply with the new curfew. They were instead issued misdemeanor citations for trespassing, which carry a $50 fine if they are found guilty.
It was not immediately clear if other charges would be filed against those arrested Saturday morning.
The Haslam administration has cited what officials described as deteriorating security and sanitary conditions on the plaza, saying that acts of lewd behavior had been observed by workers in state office buildings.
Safety Commissioner Bill Gibbons said it was unrealistic to meet requests from protesters for a stronger law enforcement presence to help deter thefts and altercations often involving homeless people who had attached themselves to the encampment.
"We don't have the resources to go out and in effect babysit protesters 24-7 ... at the level that would have been necessary to address their concerns," Gibbons said during a press conference Friday.
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It seems Apple really did lose two prototype iPhones in the span of just about 18 months, now the man whose home Apple employees reportedly searched in order to find the latest missing phone is ?in talks? with Apple regarding the search.
This new story starts out familiarly enough: An Apple employee, out at a bar in San Francisco, apparently left behind a prototype iPhone (probably the 4S at this point) back in July. Apple is notoriously secretive and security conscious, so when the loss was discovered, it immediately went into lockdown mode to recover it. The prototype had some kind of internal tracking technology that led Apple investigators to the home of one Sergio Calderon, 22. The tech juggernaut had reported the ?priceless? device stolen to the SFPD, and police were on-hand with the two investigators when they went to Calderon?s house.
Then things take a bit of a weird turn. Calderon allowed the investigators to search his house, but they didn?t turn up the iPhone ? it remains MIA. Meanwhile, a report from the San Francisco Chronicle stated that while the police showed up at Calderon?s door, it wasn?t police who searched his house, it was Apple, who has no legal right to do so. Calderon says he thought he was authorizing the cops to search his house, and that the Apple investigators were, in fact, police officers. The SFPD, on the other hand, has said that its officers waited outside and didn?t enter Calderon?s house.
The whole thing is a bit fishy (and possibly illegal, or at least an invasion of privacy). According to a CNET story, Calderon?s attorney, David Monroe, says Apple has contacted Calderon and that they?re talking about the situation, but he didn?t give any details.
Monroe told CNET that the police got Calderon?s cooperation for the search by saying they would return with a search warrant, and that the police acted improperly when they didn?t point out that the Apple investigators weren?t cops. The SFPD has launched its own investigation into the matter.
Even though no prototype iPhone leaked out, it seems that this situation could also turn out to be a bit of a scandal, just like last year?s iPhone loss. That time around, the people who recovered the phone attempted to return it to Apple, and when that didn?t work, they sold it to tech blog Gizmodo. Both the people who sold the phone wound up going to trial and pleaded no contest to misdemeanor charges. They each got a year of probation, a fine and 40 hours of community service.
This time, it looks like Apple is the bad guy ? especially if Calderon has done nothing wrong.
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A man walks in front of the electronic stock board of a securities firm in Tokyo indicating the benchmark Nikkei 225 stock average rose 121.81 points, to end morning session at 9048.35, Friday, Oct. 28, 2011. Asian stock markets rose Friday, continuing to be buoyed by a European deal aimed at slashing Greece's massive debt and preventing the crisis from engulfing too big to bailout countries such as Italy. (AP Photo/Itsuo Inouye)
A man walks in front of the electronic stock board of a securities firm in Tokyo indicating the benchmark Nikkei 225 stock average rose 121.81 points, to end morning session at 9048.35, Friday, Oct. 28, 2011. Asian stock markets rose Friday, continuing to be buoyed by a European deal aimed at slashing Greece's massive debt and preventing the crisis from engulfing too big to bailout countries such as Italy. (AP Photo/Itsuo Inouye)
A man walks in front of the electronic stock board of a securities firm in Tokyo indicating the benchmark Nikkei 225 stock average rose 121.81 points, to end morning session at 9048.35, Friday, Oct. 28, 2011. Asian stock markets rose Friday, continuing to be buoyed by a European deal aimed at slashing Greece's massive debt and preventing the crisis from engulfing too big to bailout countries such as Italy. (AP Photo/Itsuo Inouye)
BANGKOK (AP) ? Asian stock markets rose Friday, continuing to be buoyed by a European deal aimed at slashing Greece's massive debt and preventing the crisis from engulfing too big to bailout countries such as Italy.
Japan's Nikkei 225 index jumped 1.2 percent to 9,030.85 as Asian stocks posted a second day of gains on the European news. Hong Kong's Hang Seng gained 1.9 percent to 20,061.44 and South Korea's Kospi rose 1 percent to 1,941.58.
Australia's S&P/ASX 200 gained marginally to 4,350.30 and the Shanghai Composite Index added 1.1 percent to 2,462.38. Benchmarks in Singapore, Taiwan, Indonesia and Thailand were also higher.
After two years of unsuccessful attempts to address the continent's debt problems, European leaders unveiled a deal Thursday aimed at preventing the Greek government's inability to pay its debt from escalating into another financial crisis like the one that followed the collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008.
Banks agreed to take 50 percent losses on the Greek bonds they hold. Europe will also strengthen a financial rescue fund to protect the region's banks and other struggling European countries such as Italy and Portugal.
Renewed confidence in Europe helped fuel a surge on Wall Street late Thursday, as did signs of stronger U.S. economic growth and corporate earnings.
The government reported that the American economy grew at a 2.5 percent annual rate from July through September on stronger consumer spending and business investment. That was nearly double the 1.3 percent growth in the previous quarter.
The Dow Jones industrial average soared 2.9 percent to 12,208.55 ? its largest jump since Aug. 11. The S&P 500 rose 3.7 percent to 1,284.59. The Nasdaq composite leaped up 3.3 percent to 2,738.63.
Benchmark crude for December delivery was down 45 cents at $93.51 a barrel in electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The contract rose $3.76, or 4.2 percent, to settle at $93.96 in New York on Thursday.
Brent crude was down 46 cents at $111.62 a barrel on the ICE Futures Exchange in London.
In currencies, the euro softened to $1.4168 from $1.4216 late Thursday in New York. The dollar slipped to 75.86 yen from 75.94 yen.
The greenback hit a new record low against the Japanese yen Thursday, sinking to 75.63 yen at one point.
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NEW YORK (AP) ? As the run-up to holiday shopping intensifies, Target Corp. said Friday that its stores will open at midnight on Thanksgiving Day for the first time.
That's four hours earlier than last year.
The stores will stay open for 23 hours and close at 11 p.m. Friday, November 25. Target spokeswoman Susan Kahn said the change was a response to customers' demands.
Retailers have expanded their Black Friday hours each year recently.
The season's kickoff overtook Thanksgiving Day last year, when most Sears Holdings Corp. opened most Sears and Kmart stores Thanksgiving morning for the first time. Toys R Us stores opened at 10 p.m. Some stores in Gap Inc.'s Old Navy, Gap and Banana Republic chains also opened Thanksgiving Day last year; the company began operating stores on Thanksgiving in 2009.
Wal-Mart Stores Inc., whose supercenters already operate around the clock, opened most of its other stores by midnight Thanksgiving evening last year.
Target, which operates more than 1,700 stores, is based in Minneapolis.
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In this Wednesday, Oct. 26, 2011 photo, Nancy Greiser, holds Petey as she is interviewed in Rochester Hills, Mich. Jim Arrighi last saw Petey, his 4-year-old Jack Russell terrier, in the backyard of his home in Erin, Tenn. That was in July, and the 73-year-old retired electrician had nearly given up on seeing his pet again when he learned the dog turned up safe about 500 miles away in suburban Detroit. (AP Photo/Detroit News, Todd McInturf) DETROIT FREE PRESS OUT
In this Wednesday, Oct. 26, 2011 photo, Nancy Greiser, holds Petey as she is interviewed in Rochester Hills, Mich. Jim Arrighi last saw Petey, his 4-year-old Jack Russell terrier, in the backyard of his home in Erin, Tenn. That was in July, and the 73-year-old retired electrician had nearly given up on seeing his pet again when he learned the dog turned up safe about 500 miles away in suburban Detroit. (AP Photo/Detroit News, Todd McInturf) DETROIT FREE PRESS OUT
In this Wednesday, Oct. 26, 2011 photo, 4-year old Jack Russell terrier Petey runs in the yard in Rochester Hills, Mich. Jim Arrighi last saw Petey, his 4-year-old Jack Russell terrier, in the backyard of his home in Erin, Tenn. That was in July, and the 73-year-old retired electrician had nearly given up on seeing his pet again when he learned the dog turned up safe about 500 miles away in suburban Detroit. (AP Photo/Detroit News, Todd McInturf) DETROIT FREE PRESS OUT
ROCHESTER HILLS, Mich. (AP) ? Petey the wayward Jack Russell terrier is home.
After three months and hundreds of miles, the dog was reunited Thursday with owner Jim Arrighi in Erin, Tenn.
Arrighi's daughter, Tyanne (TEE-ann) Morrison, said Petey arrived in the care of a Michigan Humane Society volunteer who set out Wednesday from suburban Detroit.
Morrison said her 73-year-old father "actually just cried" when he got the dog back.
Arrighi left Petey in his backyard in July and the dog was gone when he returned home.
A homeowner in Rochester Hills, about 20 miles north of Detroit, saw Petey last week in his backyard and took him to a Humane Society animal care center.
Arrighi was identified as the owner when the dog was scanned for an implanted microchip.
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BEIJING (Reuters) ? The head of Europe's rescue fund sought to entice China on Saturday to invest in the facility by saying investors may be protected against a fifth of initial losses and that bonds could eventually be sold in yuan if Beijing desires.
Klaus Regling was in China to persuade Beijing to stump up money and help the euro zone beat its two-year-old debt crisis. He said the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) may invest in a special purpose vehicle and absorb the first 20 percent of losses.
Regling did not say whether China had asked for that degree of protection and declined to comment on his meetings in Beijing. But he said he expected to submit a proposal on how to scale up the 440-billion-euro ($623.7 billion) EFSF rescue fund by November.
Expanding the EFSF to 1 trillion euros is key to the euro zone's latest anti-crisis plan, put together at a Eurozone summit this week. Details on how this would be done have yet to be finalized and European leaders are under pressure to show the plan would work.
"The EFSF will take a certain tranche that will be a junior tranche, which means if something goes wrong, the first loss will be carried by the EFSF. It could be around 20 percent," Regling told students at the Tsinghua University.
Regling, chief executive of the EFSF, said the fund could sell bonds in yuan in future if Beijing so desired. But he said that would be difficult to pull off right now.
"We have so far only issued euro bonds but we are authorized to use any currency we want if it seems efficient," he said.
"It also depends on the Chinese authorities, whether they would approve that. I think it is probably more difficult. But I could imagine that over the years it might happen."
WHY CHINA SHOULD BITE
Regling was visiting cash-rich China two days after euro zone leaders struck the deal to boost the firepower of the EFSF, recapitalize banks and reduce Greece's crippling debt burden.
French President Nicolas Sarkozy immediately got on the phone to China after the summit to seek financial help, saying Beijing had "a major role to play."
Europe has said the EFSF may be expanded either by offering insurance to buyers of euro zone debt in the primary market, or via a new special purpose investment vehicle that it hopes would draw funds from China and Brazil, among other countries.
The deal has left major economies Italy and Spain under pressure. Italy's borrowing costs jumped at a bond auction on Friday. Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi was forced to promise reforms to quash speculation that his government was about to collapse.
Regling made clear he wanted to determine what it would take for Beijing to put more money in the EFSF. But he hinted it was also in China's interests to have a healthy euro and an alternative to the dollar as a reserve currency.
"Many particularly large economies in the world want to have ... the euro as part of the international monetary system. That is a good reason to support our program," Regling said.
When asked why Beijing should buy more euros and risk currency losses if the bloc launches another round of quantitative easing, Regling said the European Central Bank had been prudent in growing its balance sheet, compared to the U.S. Federal Reserve and the Bank of England.
"I can assure you should invest in the euro, this is not the problem," he said. "The ECB has only one objective -- price stability and they will deliver."
Stuck with elevated inflation, China worries that ultra-loose monetary policies abroad will further stoke price pressures at home. It has repeatedly scolded the United States for its quantitative easing, deeming it "irresponsible."
BEIJING CAUTIOUS
Some analysts agree that China has far more upside than downside in providing support for Europe, not least in protecting its global trade. But it may drive a hard bargain to part with some of its $3.2 trillion foreign exchange reserves, the world's largest.
Beijing is, nonetheless, cautious. Although China has expressed confidence that Europe can survive its crisis, it has made no public offer to buy more European government debt.
The careful stance was underscored on Friday by Vice Finance Minister Zhu Guangyao, who said Beijing was awaiting details on new investment options for the EFSF before deciding its next move.
Regling also acknowledged that China would take no hasty decisions and said he expected no concrete outcome from his visit.
He shrugged off any notion, in his discussions with students, that the euro zone project could unravel, saying that the currency bloc remained united.
"There is no political intention to kick out any country," he said. "It would not be in the interest of any countries, not economically, not politically."
(Editing by Jacqueline Wong and Ron Popeski)
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BANGKOK ? Asian stock markets rose Friday, continuing to be buoyed by a European deal aimed at slashing Greece's massive debt and preventing the crisis from engulfing too big to bailout countries such as Italy.
Japan's Nikkei 225 index jumped 1.2 percent to 9,030.85 as Asian stocks posted a second day of gains on the European news. Hong Kong's Hang Seng gained 1.9 percent to 20,061.44 and South Korea's Kospi rose 1 percent to 1,941.58.
Australia's S&P/ASX 200 gained marginally to 4,350.30 and the Shanghai Composite Index added 1.1 percent to 2,462.38. Benchmarks in Singapore, Taiwan, Indonesia and Thailand were also higher.
After two years of unsuccessful attempts to address the continent's debt problems, European leaders unveiled a deal Thursday aimed at preventing the Greek government's inability to pay its debt from escalating into another financial crisis like the one that followed the collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008.
Banks agreed to take 50 percent losses on the Greek bonds they hold. Europe will also strengthen a financial rescue fund to protect the region's banks and other struggling European countries such as Italy and Portugal.
Renewed confidence in Europe helped fuel a surge on Wall Street late Thursday, as did signs of stronger U.S. economic growth and corporate earnings.
The government reported that the American economy grew at a 2.5 percent annual rate from July through September on stronger consumer spending and business investment. That was nearly double the 1.3 percent growth in the previous quarter.
The Dow Jones industrial average soared 2.9 percent to 12,208.55 ? its largest jump since Aug. 11. The S&P 500 rose 3.7 percent to 1,284.59. The Nasdaq composite leaped up 3.3 percent to 2,738.63.
Benchmark crude for December delivery was down 45 cents at $93.51 a barrel in electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The contract rose $3.76, or 4.2 percent, to settle at $93.96 in New York on Thursday.
Brent crude was down 46 cents at $111.62 a barrel on the ICE Futures Exchange in London.
In currencies, the euro softened to $1.4168 from $1.4216 late Thursday in New York. The dollar slipped to 75.86 yen from 75.94 yen.
The greenback hit a new record low against the Japanese yen Thursday, sinking to 75.63 yen at one point.
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For decades computer scientists have strived to build machines that can calculate faster than the human brain and store more information. The contraptions have won. The world?s most powerful supercomputer, the K from Fujitsu, computes four times faster and holds 10 times as much data. And of course, many more bits are coursing through the Internet at any moment. Yet the Internet?s servers worldwide would fill a small city, and the K sucks up enough electricity to power 10,000 homes. The incredibly efficient brain consumes less juice than a dim lightbulb and fits nicely inside our head. Biology does a lot with a little: the human genome, which grows our body and directs us through years of complex life, requires less data than a laptop operating system. Even a cat?s brain smokes the newest iPad?1,000 times more data storage and a million times quicker to act on it.?
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Nokia's Lumia 710 Windows Phone announced alongside the 800, hitting select markets by end of year originally appeared on Engadget on Wed, 26 Oct 2011 05:06:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.
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